ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has a prevalence of 5.3% among children and adolescents. It is characterized by attention deficit, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to conduct a survey involving pediatric neurologists in the management of ADHD and compare the results with the current literature and guidelines. DESIGN AND SETTING: Descriptive analytical study of a virtual environment, was used Test of equality of proportions for comparison between two groups of pediatric neurologists (working as specialists for > 6 versus ≤ 6 years), with a significance level of P = 0.05. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used a virtual questionnaire covering the steps in the diagnosis and treatment of children with ADHD. The inclusion criteria were professionals who had completed their residency/specialization in pediatric neurology and clinical neurologists working in pediatric neurology. RESULTS: Among the 548 electronic invitations sent, 128 were considered valid. For all participants, the diagnosis was clinically based on the disease classification manuals. Combination treatment promotes improvement of symptoms (96.9%). Among psychostimulants, short-acting methylphenidate was the most commonly prescribed medication (85.2%). Headache was the most common side effect (77.3%). Altogether, 73.4% of the participants requested laboratory tests, 71.1% requested an electrocardiogram, and 42.2% requested an electroencephalogram. Pediatric neurologists working as specialists for ≤ 6 years had more frequent referrals to psycho-pedagogists for diagnosis (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The participants complied with clinical guidelines, emphasizing the relevance of diagnostic manuals and treatment guidelines for an eminently clinical situation and enabling uniformity in quality treatment.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has a prevalence of 5.3% among children and adolescents. It is characterized by attention deficit, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to conduct a survey involving pediatric neurologists in the management of ADHD and compare the results with the current literature and guidelines. DESIGN AND SETTING: Descriptive analytical study of a virtual environment, was used Test of equality of proportions for comparison between two groups of pediatric neurologists (working as specialists for > 6 versus ≤ 6 years), with a significance level of P = 0.05. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used a virtual questionnaire covering the steps in the diagnosis and treatment of children with ADHD. The inclusion criteria were professionals who had completed their residency/specialization in pediatric neurology and clinical neurologists working in pediatric neurology. RESULTS: Among the 548 electronic invitations sent, 128 were considered valid. For all participants, the diagnosis was clinically based on the disease classification manuals. Combination treatment promotes improvement of symptoms (96.9%). Among psychostimulants, short-acting methylphenidate was the most commonly prescribed medication (85.2%). Headache was the most common side effect (77.3%). Altogether, 73.4% of the participants requested laboratory tests, 71.1% requested an electrocardiogram, and 42.2% requested an electroencephalogram. Pediatric neurologists working as specialists for ≤ 6 years had more frequent referrals to psycho-pedagogists for diagnosis (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The participants complied with clinical guidelines, emphasizing the relevance of diagnostic manuals and treatment guidelines for an eminently clinical situation and enabling uniformity in quality treatment.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: In a literate society, linguistic/arithmetic performance is highly valued. Based on defined risk factors, strategies for promotion of better performance can be developed. OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the risk and protective factors relating to development of language and arithmetic. DESIGN AND SETTING: Observational comparative cross-sectional study at a public elementary school in Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brazil. METHODS: A total of 66 children (41% females) attending first to fifth grades participated in this study. They were divided into two groups: G1, children classified as presenting language or arithmetic deficits; G2, average performance. Language (oral and written) and arithmetic skills were assessed through standardized tests. Variables relating to social skills, home environment resources and behavioral problems were assessed through standardized scales. Data on other variables (pre, peri and postnatal complications, maternal variables and others) were collected through interviews. The logistic regression technique with LASSO was used (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Teenage pregnancy and consumption of psychoactive substances during pregnancy or complications during pregnancy were risk factors for performance regarding arithmetic and language. Higher schooling level for the mother was a protective factor in the development of arithmetic and language. Being female and having a history of otitis were risk factors for language. Altered social skills (responsibility and civility) and complaints of inattention were risk factor for arithmetic. Adequate linguistic development was a protective factor for the development of arithmetic. CONCLUSION: The risk/protective factors included variables relating to the gestational period, mother's age when pregnant, mother's schooling, social skills, behavior and development issues.

RESUMO Este artigo traz parte dos resultados de uma pesquisa que, desenvolvida durante 2014 e 2015, procurou construir um diagnóstico sobre políticas educacionais para o ensino médio - especialmente as curriculares -, valendo-se, para tanto, de informações pesquisadas junto aos estados brasileiros e ao Distrito Federal, os maiores responsáveis pela oferta desse nível de ensino. Os dados foram coletados por meio de: documentos e disposições legais vigentes; questionários às equipes responsáveis pelo ensino médio nas secretarias de educação de todos os estados do país; e entrevistas qualitativas realizadas junto a uma amostra de dez secretarias dentre as 27. Neste texto especificamente, o objetivo é apresentar e analisar algumas iniciativas que os entes federados têm desenvolvido para atrair e manter os jovens nesse nível de ensino.

ABSTRACT This article presents part of the results of a study conducted in 2014 and 2015. It sought to build a diagnosis of educational policies for secondary school, especially regarding the curricula, using information collected from the Brazilian states and the Federal District, those with the greatest responsibility for the education offered at this level. The data were collected through: current legal provisions and documents; questionnaires sent to the teams responsible for this level of education at the secretariats of education in all states in the country; and, qualitative interviews conducted with a sample of ten, of the 27, Secretariats of Education in the country. This text aims specifically at presenting and analyzing some initiatives that the federated entities have developed to attract and retain young people in this level of education.

RESUMEN Este artículo trae parte de los resultados de una investigación que, desarrollada durante 2014 y 2015, buscó construir un diagnóstico sobre políticas educativas para la enseñanza media -especialmente las curriculares-, valiéndose para ello de informaciones recogidas en los estados brasileños y el Distrito Federal, los mayores responsables de la oferta de ese nivel de enseñanza. Los datos fueron recolectados por medio de: documentos y disposiciones legales vigentes; cuestionarios a los equipos responsables por ese nivel de enseñanza en las secretarías de educación de todos los estados del país; y entrevistas cualitativas realizadas en una muestra de diez secretarías entre las 27. En este texto específicamente, el objetivo es presentar y analizar algunas iniciativas que las entidades federadas han desarrollado para atraer y mantener a los jóvenes en ese nivel de enseñanza.

RÉSUMÉ Cet article reprend une partie des résultats d’une recherche menée entre 2014 et 2015 visant à élaborer un diagnostic à propos des politiques éducatives pour l’enseignement secondaire et, plus particulièrement, des programmes d´études Les informations apportées proviennent des états brésiliens et du District Fédéral, les plus grands responsables de l’offre de ce niveau d’enseignement. Les données recueillies sont issues de documents et de dispositions légales, de questionnaires auprès des équipes ayant à charge ce niveau d´enseignement au sein des secrétariats de l’éducation de tous les états du pays, ainsi que d’entretiens de type qualitatif réalisés à partir d’un échantillon de dix secrétariats parmi les 27 existants. L’objectif spécifique de ce texte est de présenter et d’analyser certaines initiatives que les collectivités fédérées ont développées pour attirer et maintenir les jeunes dans ce niveau d’enseignement.

Resumo Em complemento à série de manuscritos publicados como "Atlas de Otólitos para os Teleósteos da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil", neste volume apresentamos os resultados obtidos para espécies das ordens Siluriformes (duas espécies) e Pleuronectiformes (treze espécies). Tendo em vista que os sagittae dos Siluriformes são muito pequenos, foram analisados os lapilli esquerdos. Devido a assimetria dos Pleuronectiformes, foram analisados tanto sagittae esquerdos quanto direitos, sendo a depressão circumsulcal a feição mais importante para diagnosticar as espécies desta ordem.

Abstract To complement the series of manuscripts published as "Atlas of Teleostei Otoliths of the Southeastern-Southern Brazil", in this volume we present results for species of Siluriformes (two species) and Pleuronectiformes (thirteen species) orders. Considering that the sagittae of Siluriformes are very small we analyzed the left lapillus. Due to the asymmetry of the Pleuronectiformes otoliths, were analysed both left and right structures, being the circumsulcal depression the most important feature to diagnose these species.

Resumo Em adição à série de documentos que estamos publicando sobre o "Atlas de Otólitos para os peixes Teleósteos da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil", neste volume apresentamos os resultados obtidos para espécies das ordens Atheriniformes (1 espécie), Beloniformes (5), Beryciformes (2), Zeiformes (2), Syngnathiformes (2), Scorpaeniformes (9) e Tetraodontiformes (6). Foram analisadas as feições, medidas e índices usualmente empregados conforme metodologia apresentada nas séries anteriores. Três otólitos de cada espécie foram desenhados e fotografados, sempre que possível. A frequência de ocorrência de cada característica por classe de comprimento total foi calculada (CT) e as diferenças dentro de cada classe e entre classes foram analisadas aplicando teste χ2 múltiplo (significância 0,05).

Abstract In addition to the series of documents that we have been publishing on the "Atlas of Teleostei Otoliths for the Southeastern-Southern Brazilian region", in this volume we present the results of species of the orders Atheriniformes (1 species), Beloniformes (5), Beryciformes (2), Zeiformes (2), Syngnathiformes (2), Scorpaeniformes (9) and Tetraodontiformes (6). Features, measurements and indices were analyzed according to methodology used in anterior series. Three otoliths of each species have been illustrated and photographed whenever possible. The frequency of occurrence of each characteristic was calculated by total length classes (TL), and differences within and among classes have been analyzed applying the multiple χ2 test (significance 0.05).

RESUMO Esta publicação é sequência de uma série que constituirá um Atlas de Otólitos de Teleostei da região Sudeste-Sul brasileira. Neste artigo são apresentados resultados de análises morfológicas e morfométricas dos sagittae de peixes pertencentes às ordens: Albuliformes (uma espécie), Anguiliformes (quatro), Osmeriformes (uma), Stomiiformes (uma), Aulopiformes (cinco), Myctophiformes (nove), Ophidiiformes (três), Polimixiiformes (uma), Batrachoidiformes (uma) e Lophiformes (três). Foram analisadas feições, medidas e índices usualmente empregados conforme metodologia apresentada nas séries anteriores. Três otólitos de cada espécie foram desenhados e fotografados, sempre que possível. A frequência de ocorrência de cada característica por classe de comprimento total foi calculada (CT) e as diferenças dentro de cada classe e entre elas foram analisadas aplicando o Teste χ² múltiplo (significância 0,05).

ABSTRACT This publication is part of a series that will constitute an Atlas of Teleostei Otoliths of the Southeastern-Southern Brazilian region. In this article, we present the results of sagittae's morphologic and morphometric analyses from fishes remaining to the orders: Albuliformes (one species), Anguiliformes (four), Osmeriformes (one), Stomiiformes (one), Aulopiformes (five), Myctophiformes (nine), Ophidiiformes (three), Polimixiiformes (one), Batrachoidiformes (one) and Lophiformes (three). Features, measurements and indices were analyzed according to methodology used in anterior series. Whenever possible three otoliths of each species have been illustrated and photographed. The frequency of occurrence of each characteristic was calculated by total length classes (TL) and differences within and among them have been analyzed applying multiple χ² test (significance 0.05).

RESUMO Esta publicação é a continuação de uma série que deverá resultar em um Atlas de Otólitos de Teleósteos da Região Sudeste-Sul brasileira. Aqui apresentamos os resultados de análises morfológicas relativas a 15 características e seis índices usualmente utilizados para a caracterização dessas estruturas. Neste estudo são apresentados os raesultados obtidos para 33 espécies de Percifomes de 20 famílias. Sempre que possível, foram desenhados e fotografados três otólitos de cada espécie. A frequência de ocorrência de cada característica morfológica foi calculada por classes de comprimento total (TL) e para toda a amostra, sendo as diferenças, dentro de cada classe e, ao longo do desenvolvimento do peixe, analisadas por meio de testes de χ2 múltiplo (nível de significância 0,05). A partir de medidas dos otólitos, foram calculados valores de seis índices de forma, sendo aqui apresentados seus valores mínimo, máximo, média e desvio padrão.

ABSTRACT This publication is part of a series prepared with the purpose to constitute an Atlas of Teleostei Otoliths for the Southeastern-Southern Brazilian area. Here we present the results of 15 morphological features and six shape indices for 33 Perciformes species of 20 families. Whenever available in out collection, three otoliths of each species were illustrated and photographed. The frequency of occurrence of each feature was calculated inside and among total length classes being the differences analyzed through multiple χ2 tests (significance level 0.05). Based on otoliths measurements, six shape indices values were obtained being the minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviations values presented.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar os casos notificados de tuberculose e de sua coinfecção com o HIV na população brasileira no período entre 2002 e 2012. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo observacional de série temporal, no qual foram analisados dados secundários coletados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação, no período entre 2002 e 2012. As incidências de tuberculose e tuberculose-HIV foram estratificadas por sexo, faixa etária, macrorregião e situação de encerramento. Resultados: A incidência de tuberculose decaiu 18%, enquanto a de coinfecção tuberculose-HIV aumentou 3,8% no país. Houve uma redução geral da incidência de tuberculose apesar do aumento expressivo de tuberculose-HIV em mulheres. A taxa de incidência de tuberculose diminuiu apenas na faixa etária de 0-9 anos, permanecendo estável ou com variação positiva nas outras faixas etárias. A incidência da coinfecção tuberculose-HIV cresceu 209% na faixa etária ≥ 60 anos. A incidência de tuberculose diminuiu em todas as macrorregiões, exceto no Sul, enquanto a de tuberculose-HIV aumentou mais de 150% no Norte e Nordeste. Quanto à situação de encerramento, revelou-se que pacientes com tuberculose-HIV têm 48% menos chance de cura, 50% mais chance de abandonar o tratamento e 94% mais chance de óbito por tuberculose em relação àqueles sem a coinfecção. Conclusões: O presente estudo evidencia a tuberculose como um importante problema de saúde pública no Brasil, uma vez que as metas estabelecidas de cura e controle da doença ainda não foram alcançadas. Ademais, o aumento vertiginoso na incidência de tuberculose-HIV em mulheres, idosos e nas regiões Norte e Nordeste evidencia a feminização, a transição etária e a pauperização pelo HIV.

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the reported cases of tuberculosis and of tuberculosis-HIV co-infection in Brazil between 2002 and 2012. Methods: This was an observational study based on secondary time series data collected from the Brazilian Case Registry Database for the 2002-2012 period. The incidence of tuberculosis was stratified by gender, age group, geographical region, and outcome, as was that of tuberculosis-HIV co-infection. Results: Nationally, the incidence of tuberculosis declined by 18%, whereas that of tuberculosis-HIV co-infection increased by 3.8%. There was an overall decrease in the incidence of tuberculosis, despite a significant increase in that of tuberculosis-HIV co-infection in women. The incidence of tuberculosis decreased only in the 0- to 9-year age bracket, remaining stable or increasing in the other age groups. The incidence of tuberculosis-HIV co-infection increased by 209% in the ≥ 60-year age bracket. The incidence of tuberculosis decreased in all geographical regions except the south, whereas that of tuberculosis-HIV co-infection increased by over 150% in the north and northeast. Regarding the outcomes, patients with tuberculosis-HIV co-infection, in comparison with patients infected with tuberculosis only, had a 48% lower chance of cure, a 50% greater risk of treatment nonadherence, and a 94% greater risk of death from tuberculosis. Conclusions: Our study shows that tuberculosis continues to be a relevant public health issue in Brazil, because the goals for the control and cure of the disease have yet to be achieved. In addition, the sharp increase in the incidence of tuberculosis-HIV co-infection in women, in the elderly, and in the northern/northeastern region reveals that the population of HIV-infected individuals is rapidly becoming more female, older, and more impoverished.

RESUMO Esta publicação é a segunda de uma série que constituirá um Atlas de Otólitos para os Teleostei da região Sudeste-Sul brasileira. Nela são apresentados os resultados de análises morfológicas e morfométricas de 12 espécies de Clupeiformes (3 Clupeidae, 7 Engraulidae e 2 Pristigasteridae) através de feições, medidas e índices usualmente utilizados. Três otólitos de cada espécie foram desenhados e fotografados, sempre que possível. A frequência de ocorrência foi calculada para cada característica por classes de comprimento total dos peixes (CT) e as diferenças ontogenéticas foram analisadas (Teste χ² múltiplo; significância 0,05).

ABSTRACT This publication is the second in a series that will together constitute an Atlas of Teleostei Otoliths for the Southeastern-Southern Brazilian area. Here we present results of morphologic and morphometric analyses of 12 Clupeiform species (3 Clupeidae, 7 Engraulidae and 2 Pristigasteridae) by means of the most commonly used features, measurements and indices. Three otoliths of each species have been illustrated and photographed whenever possible. The frequency of occurrence has been calculated for each characteristic by total length class (TL), and the ontogenetic differences have been analyzed (multiple χ² test; significance 0.05).

RESUMO Esta publicação é parte de uma série que constituirá um Atlas de Otólitos para os Teleostei da Região Sudeste-Sul brasileira. Nela são apresentados os resultados de análises morfológicas e morfométricas de 31 espécies de peixes Perciformes (duas espécies de Centropomidae; duas de Acropomatidae; duas de Serranidae; duas de Priacanthidae; duas de Malacanthidae; uma de Pomatomidae; seis de Carangidae; três de Lutjanidae; cinco de Gerreidae e seis de Haemulidae). Três otólitos de tamanhos distintos de cada espécie foram desenhados e fotografados, sempre que possível. Para cada característica foram calculadas as frequências de ocorrência dentro de cada classe de comprimento total (TL) e entre classes distintas (diferenças ontogenéticas) através de um Teste χ² múltiplo (significância 0,05).

ABSTRACT This publication is part of a series that will constitute an Atlas of Teleostei Otoliths for the Southeastern-Southern Brazilian area. It presents the results of the morphological and morphometric analyses of 31 Perciformes (two species of Centropomidae; two of Acropomatidae; two of Serranidae; two of Priacanthidae; two of Malacanthidae; one of Pomatomidae; six of Carangidae; three of Lutjanidae; five of Gerreidae and six of Haemulidae). Whenever available in the collection, otoliths from three distinct specimen sizes were illustrated and photographed in order to show their variation during development. For each characteristic the frequency of occurrence was calculated within each length class (TL) and among length classes (during development) and differences were analyzed by a multiple χ² test (significance 0.05).

ABSTRACT We present a protocol for measuring spatial variables in large (>50 m2) soft-sediment tide pool. Secondarily, we present the fish capture efficiency of a sampling protocol that based on such spatial variables to calculate relative abundances. The area of the pool is estimated by summing areas of basic geometric forms; the depth, by taken representative measurements of the depth variability of each pool's sector, previously determined according to its perimeter; and the volume, by considering the pool as a prism. These procedures were a trade-off between the acquisition of reliable estimates and the minimization of both the cost of operating and the time spent in field. The fish sampling protocol is based on two con secutive stages: 1) two people search for fishes under structures (e.g., rocks and litters) on the pool and capture them with hand seines; 2) these structures are removed and then a beach-seine is hauled over the whole pool. Our method is cheaper than others and fast to operate considering the time in low tides. The method to sample fish is quite efficient resulting in a capture efficiency of 89%.

O objetivo deste estudo é verificar como se dá a formação continuada de professores em diferentes estados e municípios brasileiros. A coleta de dados incluiu entrevistas com pessoas envolvidas na formação continuada, em dezenove secretarias municipais e estaduais de educação de diferentes regiões do país. Os resultados mostraram a presença de ações orientadas basicamente para as séries iniciais do ensino fundamental, privilegiando as áreas de Língua Portuguesa e Matemática. Duas perspectivas foram encontradas: a individualizada, que busca valorizar o próprio professor, sanando suas dificuldades de formação, e a colaborativa, que se centra em atividades realizadas predominantemente nas escolas, com ênfase no trabalho partilhado. Grande parte dessas secretarias considera que modalidades de formação mais duradouras e sistemáticas são mais produtivas, porque levam os docentes a modificar sua prática pedagógica. Há marcada dificuldade em avaliar e acompanhar a aprendizagem dos docentes ao término de sua participação nas ações de formação continuada. No momento atual, o estudo aponta a importância de as secretarias implementarem, simultaneamente, modalidades voltadas para o professor e para a escola, além de elaborar políticas educacionais internamente mais bem articuladas e mais harmônicas com as demais políticas voltadas para o magistério. Essas parecem ser as melhores alternativas para atualizar os conhecimentos e habilidades necessários para os docentes se aprimorarem em sua profissão.

The goal of this study is to identify the main guidelines adopted by some Brazilian states and counties in the offering of Programs of Continuous Education for Teachers (PCET). Data collection involved interviews with personnel from 19 municipal and state Boards of Education, from different regions of the country. The results showed that PCET are offered mainly to teachers who are working in the initial years of the basic schooling, system focusing primarily on the subject of Portuguese and Mathematic. Two main perspectives were adopted: the individual one, which seeks to solve the difficulties and impasses presented in the classroom; and, the collaborative approach, which focuses predominantly on activities that take place in schools, emphasizing cooperative work. Most of these Boards of Education found that more enduring and systematic modalities of PCET are more productive in promoting teachers' learning, eventually leading them to modify their pedagogical practices. There were also many difficulties in evaluating and monitoring the PCET results. The conclusions indicate that, at the moment, the Boards of Education have to make simultaneous use of modalities aimed at the teacher and at the school as well as to strengthen internal educational policies that are better articulated and more harmonious with other teaching policies. These seem to be the best alternatives to upgrade the knowledge and skills of teachers, helping them to develop themselves in their profession.

O artigo traz os resultados de pesquisa cujo objetivo foi investigar a atratividade da carreira docente no Brasil pela ótica de alunos concluintes do ensino médio, uma vez que se tem divulgado a perda de interesse pela opção profissional pelo magsitério por parte dos adolescentes. O estudo foi realizado em escolas públicas e particulares de cidades de grande ou médio porte das diferentes regiões do país. Os dados utilizados para as análises têm origem em duas fontes: questionário e grupos de discussão. Nos resultados, a rejeição à carreira docente é recorrente entre os jovens pesquisados. As justificativas dos estudantes para a falta de atratividade da carreira se relacionam à ausência de identificação pessoal com a docência, às condições sociais e financeiras de exercício da profissão, à própria experiência escolar dos alunos e à influência familiar.

The article presents the results of research, the objective of which was to investigate the attractiveness of a teaching career in Brazil from the viewpoint of students in the final year of secondary education, since it has been widely disclosed that there is a loss of interest in choosing teaching as a profession on the part of adolescents. The study was carried out in public and private schools in large or medium-size cities in different regions in Brazil. The data used for the analyses originated from two sources: a questionnaire and discussion groups. The results show that rejection of a teaching career is a recurrent theme among the young people involved in the research. The justifications of the students for the lack of attractiveness of the career are related to the absence of a personal identification with teaching, the social and financial conditions associated with exercising the profession, the students' own school experience and family influence.